Psychosocial theory Essay

Erik H. Erikson adapted and expanded Freuds theory of tuition to include the entire life history span, believing that people continue to bump throughout life. He describes eight horizontal surfaces of development. Erikson envisions life as a duration of levels of achievement. Each tier signals a proletariat that must be achieved. The solving of the travail can be complete, partial, or unsuccessful.Erikson believes that the greater the task achievement, the fitter the psycheality of the person failure to achieve a task influences the persons major power to achieve the next task. These developmental tasks can be viewed as a series of crises, and successful steadiness of these crises is supportive to the persons ego. blow to resolve the crises is damaging to the ego. Eriksons eight stages reflect both imperative and negative aspects of the critical life periods.The root of the conflicts at each stage enables the person to function effectively in society. Each phase ha s its developmental task, and the individual must find a balance between, for example, affirm versus disbelieve or integrity versus despair. When using Eriksons developmental framework, nurses should be aware of indicators of positive and negative resolution of each stage. It is also of the essence(p) to be aware that the environment is highly influential in development, accord to Erikson.One can enhance an individuals development by being aware of the persons developmental stage and by helping the person develop coping skills relative to stressors experienced at that level. One can strengthen an individuals positive resolution of a developmental task by providing the individual with appropriate opportunities and encouragement. For example, a 10- year- old child can be encouraged to be creative, to terminate schoolwork, and to learn how to accomplish these tasks within the limitations imposed by health.Erikson emphasizes that people must change and adapt their behavior to maintai n manoeuver over their lives. In his view, no stage in personality development can be bypassed, but people can become fixated at one stage or regress to a previous stage under importunate or stressful conditions. For example, a middle- aged woman who has never satisfactorily accomplished the task of resolving identity versus role admiration baron regress to an earlier stage when stressed by an illness with which she cannot cope.Eriksons eight stages of development include Infancy, central task is trust versus mistrust Early childishness, central task is autonomy versus shame and doubt posthumous puerility, central task is initiative versus guilt School Age, central task is industry versus inferiority Adolescence, central task is identity versus role confusion Young adulthood, central task is intimacy versus isolation Adulthood, central task is generativity versus stagnation and Maturity, in which the central task is integrity versus despair.The indicators of positive resoluti on for each stages are learning to trust others for Infancy self control without loss of self esteem, ability to cooperate and to express oneself for Early Childhood learning the degree to which assertiveness and purpose influence the environment, beginning ability to evaluate ones own behavior for Late Childhood beginning to create, develop, and manipulate, developing sense of competence and perseverance for School age coherent sense of self, plans to actualize ones abilities for Adolescence intimate family relationship with another person, commitment to work and relationships for Young Adulthood creativity, productivity, concern for others for Adulthood and betrothal of worth and uniqueness of ones own life, acceptance of death for Maturity or in the last stage of life of being an adult.