Guide to Al Qaedas Network Structure

Also see: Al Qaeda leaders The Al Qaeda Network Some organizations may have operational ties to Osama bin Ladens core group. Increasingly, however, groups pledging allegiance to Al Qaeda have no formal association whatever. While many analysts use the metaphor of marketing to describe Al Qaeda as a brand, and its offshoots as franchises, others describe the decentralization phenomenon in terms of a core group of professionals, surrounded by new membership in grassroots affiliates. This decentralization is a consequence of strategy, not accident, according to analyst Adam Elkus. In 2007, he wrote that: Al Qaeda has been moving towards decentralization ever since the invasion of Afghanistan, with isolated cells and loosely affiliated groups that have only a tenuous connection to the greater Al Qaeda hierarchy tapping into Some of these knock-off groups spring from pre-existing militant groups committed to some version of Islamist transformation of their society. In Algeria, for example, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb is a new incarnation of another group, the Salafist Group for Call and Combat, which has had a long, and violent, commitment to overthrowing the Algerian government. The groups sudden commitment to Al Qaeda- style global jihad should be taken with a grain of salt or, at the least, examined in light of its local history. Al Qaeda—core organization: The original group headed by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al ZawahiriAl Qaeda in Iraq: An organization founded after the U.S. invasion of Iraq, AQI has morphed several times since.The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Tanzim Al-Jihad): Egyptian Islamic Jihad was founded in the 1970s, and well known for its assassination of Egyptian President Sadat in 1981. It is a good example of an organization that has historically had a far greater interest in violent transformation of the Egyptian government than it has in a global jihad.Ansar Al Islam: This Iraqi Kurdish organization was founded in 2001, and operates in the northern areas of Iraq and Iran. Its membership includes a number of members who trained or fought in Afghanistan, with bin Laden, and it is presumed to have close operational ties with Al Qaeda in the region.Al Jemaah Al Islamiyya: Al Jemaah Al Islamiyyah (The Islamic Group) is a southeast Asian group dedicated to bringing Islamist rule to the area. The United States suspects it of ties to Al Qaeda, but these seem tenuous on a large scale.Lashkar-i-Tayyiba: This Kashmir-based Sunni Pakistani group has historically directed its attacks at India. Leaders and members have demonstrated ties to some Al Qaeda members.Al Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb: This Algerian group grew out of one dedicated to the overthrow of the Algerian government. Its name change was accompanied by a pledge to put Western targets in its sights.Abu Sayyaf: This Philippine group has been called an Al Qaeda affiliate, but there is little evidence of a meaningful operational tie. Indeed, the organization is more like a criminal network than one committed to an ideological goal.

Bullying A Land Of The Free - 1160 Words

America, A Land of the Free or A Land of the Limited? From the beginning of time, the strong preying on the weak has always been present. When pertaining to humans, this action/instinct is called, â€Å"Bullying.† Bullying takes many forms including face to face (physical and verbal harassment), written forms (mails/letters), and currently, the most widespread form of bullying apparent in students is cyberbullying (bullying with the use of electronics such as social media, texting/messages, and etc). As the Supreme Court ruled, students have limitations on their speech. These limitations apply to students’ online speech as well. Online speech means any posted or typed speech on online networks such as social media. Consequently, if a student’s online speech presents any of the following—clear and present danger, fighting words, obscenity, conflict with other important interest, and disruption of classwork or the rights of others—schools have the responsibility and right to take action and punish st udents. Keeping that in mind, should schools’ be allowed to limit students’ online speech? Schools should not be allowed to limit student online speech because bullying has always been a problem, many are not effected by bullying, and by limiting students’ online speech, the Constitution is being violated. Firstly, student online speech should not be limited for the reason that bullying has been a problem since the start of human existence. Because cyberbullying is a new typeShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Free Speech959 Words   |  4 PagesFree speech has been becoming increasingly more controversial and students are becoming more worried about the restriction on speech. 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After the Civil War, African Americans were free but with no place to live in or to work at, they settled with their former ‘masters’. African Americans were technically free, but no one wanted to hire a colored man, so they were put on crop lien work contracts. These contracts allowed African Americans to work and gain a ‘share’ of the harvest. Sounds like

Claudius And Prince Essay Example For Students

Claudius And Prince Essay Every one sees what you appear to be, few really know what you are, and thosefew dare not oppose themselves to the opinion of the many, who have the majestyof the state to defend them. Nicolo Machiavelli, from The Prince Italianpolitical theorist Nicolo Machiavelli speculated that the strongest leaders areones who are able to carefully balance appearances to his benefit, strategicallyusing them to strengthen his regime. If Machiavelli was indeed correct, thenClaudius, from Shakespeares Hamlet, starts off as an ideal Machiavellianprince. However, as the play develops, Claudius loses his previouslyimmovable command and composure, largely due to his concern over the potentialthreat posed by his stepson, Hamlet. At the beginning of the play, Claudiusappears to have complete control over Elsinore, as evidenced by his imposingspeech to the court: Therefore our sometime sister, now our queen, Thimperial jointress to this warlike state, Have we (as twere with a defeatedjoy, With an auspicious and a dropping eye, With mirth in funeral and dirge inmarriage, In equal scale weighing delight and dole) Taken to wife.. . 1.2: 8-14In this scene, Claudius, who has only recently taken the throne after the deathof his brother, addresses some pressing issues. Seeking to create a strong earlyimpression, Claudius uses his words very carefully, taking great pains to bothmourn his late brother and celebrate his marriage. Furthermore, with the wordsimperial jointress to this warlike state he justifies the potentiallycontroversial union by making it appear like a benefit to the entire kingdom.Claudius is clearly a shrewd politician, for he deliberately emphasizes thecontrast between his marriage and Hamlets death, using phrases such asdefeated joy and with an auspicious and a dropping eye. The benefitsto such an approach are obvious : on one hand Claudius appeals to popularsentiment by remembering his popular brother, and on the other hand, with hiscelebration of his marriage, the King proves that he is ready to move on andattack his new role with vigor. The oxymoronic phrases mirth in funeraland dirge in marriage recall Machiavellis words, for Claudiusdemonstrates his ability to express whatever emotions make him look wise andjust, showing that he is in command of Denmark, despite his limited experienceas king. Claudius fortifies his majestic appearance by taking decisive andpositive action. When faced with the threat of Fortinbras, he immediately takesdiplomatic measures, sending Cornelius and Voltemand to protect Denmarksborders and create an alliance with Norway. Later, Laertes asks for permissionto return to France. Knowing the value of the advice of Laertes father,Polonius, Claudius gives his consent in a jovial manner, thus strengthening hisposition with the courtiers. The King even senses the troubled state of Hamlet,and rather than letting things run their course, Claudius immediately sendsRosencrantz and Guildenstern as spies. Most importantly, in every decision hemakes, Claudius appears confident, maintaining a balanced temperament in thepublic eye. Yet underneath this smooth facade lies a man who is concerned aboveall about Hamlet. A full two months after the death of his father, Hamletcontinues to mourn, thereby keeping Old Hamlets death in the publicspotlight. Claudius, of course, would much rather forget about the incident, forthat would not only decrease the likelihood of his being discovered but alsohelp lighten his overburdened conscience. Unfortunately, Hamlet will not let himnor the public forget. Furthermore, Claudius realizes that Hamlet has ajustified claim to the throne that could destabilize the Kings regime. In anattempt to alleviate the situation, Claudius stresses Hamlets role as hissuccessor, not potential replacement. .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f , .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .postImageUrl , .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f , .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f:hover , .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f:visited , .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f:active { border:0!important; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f:active , .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6247a466bf39fdc9795bb0c7c5ad592f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robinson Crusoe Essay Introduction Nevertheless, the threat of Hamletremains, and Claudius becomes extremely concerned with it. That do I long tohear! 2.2: 53 refers not to news of Fortinbras but to the cause ofHamlets perceived lunacy. This exclamation is also the first time that wehave seen Claudius stray from his even-tempered public appearance, as he revealsa bit of emotion where Hamlet is concerned. The effect of Hamlet on the Kingreaches a climax during The Murder of Gonzago, during which the Kingscomposure breaks down completely. Hamlets plan to confirm Claudius guiltsucceeds brilliantly: when the murder in the play pours poison into Gonzagosear, telling the audience that the plot is based on true events, Claudiussuddenly rises, shouting Give me some light. Away! 3.2: 295 Gone is thecalm that had begun to make Claudius a successful leader, replaced by a suddenoutburst of emotion in

Visual Perception Development Essay Example For Students

Visual Perception Development Essay Devlopment of Visual PerceptionThe development of visual perception changes through the caurse of life time from birth through adulthood. Sight is produced by taking stimulation in the form of light and converting it to electrochemical signals to the brain. Most of the development of visual perception takes place in infants and then declines in old age. In Young infants is when visual perception begins to grow and develop. A new born can see changes in brightness and is able to see the world in color. Earlier diserves believed new borns could only see in black and white. At four months babies seem to discriminate between colors where as a new born can see color but unable to discrimninate between differences. Babies prefer objects with a pattern as opposed to a blank object. Taking this knowledge observes came up with a way of mearuring babies eyesight by presenting a pair of disks with a pattern and gradually increasing the fine-grained stip disk to find the point where the baby can not tell the difference between a pattern and a blank disk. The observes found that newborns can have as poor of an eyesight as 20/600 wich means object that adults can see 600 feet away a newborn can see only 20 feet away. Objects to infants are blurry that are more than eight inches from their face unless the object is bold and has an extreme light/dark contrast (Singelman 145). Altgought babies are unable to discrminate between color, they can discriminate between different patterns. Robert Fantz, during the ealry 1960s, found that babies less than two days old can differenciate visual forms. Babies being attracted to visual forms show to take great interenst in the patterns in the human face. Young infants are also attracted to moving objects. Even though infants tracking of moving objects has not matured yet and moving things can be lost unless its moving very slow a moving object is more apt to gain a babies attention than a stationary object. Infants prefer moderate complex p atterns than high complex patterns where they are unable to make out all the detail (Singlman 146). Another important factor in visual perception is depth perception. Depth perception involves perceiving depth and knowing when objects are near or far away. Infants have some abilitly to interpet special cues involving nearby objecs. They are able to recognixe objects of the same size at different distances. In a tudy of visual cliff, babies of croling age were tested to see if they could sence the drop off. Twenty seven out of thirtysix would cross the shallow end, while only three out of the thirty six would cross the deep end to reach Mommy. To test infants too young to crawlthey were lowered in to the shallow end and then into the deep end. To test fear they heart rte was monitored. It showed that a babies heart rate was slower when lowered into the deep end as oppose to the shallow end. Though fear causes the heart rate to speed up, slower heart rate shows interest. Infants have not learned to fear fallen cause they have not experienced it but they were able to tell the difference in depth of were the ground is (Singleman 146). Most of the development of visual perception happens in infantcy but grow stronger through childhood and adolescents. We will write a custom essay on Visual Perception Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Since most of the development of visual perception happenps in infancy, growth on visual perception happens through childhood and adolesants. School age children attention span has increased to where they are able to find a visual simulus and screen out distractions. This age group become able to carry out systematic percetuals searches. They are more able to notice more and more detail the older the child becomes (Singleman 157). When a child reaches adolsents the abilities of childhood grow stronger. Adolestants are able to concertatrate longer and more apt to explore more complex patterens (Singleman 159). Though theres not much to report on the development of visual perception in children and adolsents, adulthood is where is raches its peak and steady begins to decline. .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 , .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .postImageUrl , .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 , .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6:hover , .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6:visited , .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6:active { border:0!important; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6:active , .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6 .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3698ae8ebee81cea7bbb4d3bafc8ecf6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marbury V. Madison EssayAdults reach their peak of visual perception in their twentys then it steadly begins to decline with middle age to old age. The pupil of an old person is smaller than those of a young adult. The change happens gradual and cannot be noticed until they reach their forties. Along with the pupil getting smaller the eyes color starts to fade and the white begins turning yellow. Older adults have difficulty with glare from bright light and also cannot make out things clearly in the dark. Adluts even those with good eyesight have problems precieving moving obects they also have a smaller visual field as they grow in age. Older adults are more adapt to diff ent kinds of eye dieases that causes difficulties in visual perception such as blindness (Singleman 161). I have many experciances to viewing different age groups and can sence the different stages in devolopement of visual perception. Last fall I would babysit daily a five month old who I have been close to since his birth. Through the different stages of infantcy I was able to notice that as he got older he was able to see clearier and his depth percetion would increase. By the time I would watch him he could follow objects that were moving and after while his grabs and misses would become more accurate. He was attracted to toys that have bright colors of diffents shades and patterent. He love toys that would move such as a ball or anything that spined when he touched he. He would play and stare at it longer than any of his other toys that remained stationary. Teaching Sunday school for different age group preschool to sixth grade pictures and patterns in the books and what they d rew were more complex and detail in the older grade than those of my preschoolers. Noticing my parents who are in their late forties early fifties I can see their decline of eyesight. They make trips up to Walmart to purchase reading glasses. My dad who always seemed to have good eyesight is beginning to skint his eyes to ready the paper. Psychology Essays